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Item A Closed-Form EVSI Expression for a Multinomial Data-Generating Process(Decision Analysis, 2022-11-23) Fleischhacker, Adam; Fok, Pak-Wing; Madiman, Mokshay; Wu, NanThis paper derives analytic expressions for the expected value of sample information (EVSI), the expected value of distribution information, and the optimal sample size when data consists of independent draws from a bounded sequence of integers. Because of the challenges of creating tractable EVSI expressions, most existing work valuing data does so in one of three ways: (1) analytically through closed-form expressions on the upper bound of the value of data, (2) calculating the expected value of data using numerical comparisons of decisions made using simulated data to optimal decisions for which the underlying data distribution is known, or (3) using variance reduction as proxy for the uncertainty reduction that accompanies more data. For the very flexible case of modeling integer-valued observations using a multinomial data-generating process with Dirichlet prior, this paper develops expressions that (1) generalize existing beta-binomial computations, (2) do not require prior knowledge of some underlying “true” distribution, and (3) can be computed prior to the collection of any sample data.Item A comprehensive analysis of the integration of team research between sport psychology and management(Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2020-06-13) Emich, Kyle J.; Norder, Kurt; Lu, Li; Sawhney, AmanBoth sports and organizations rely on teams. As such, the sport psychology and management literatures have contributed greatly to our understanding of team functioning. Despite this, previous reviews based on subsets of articles in these literatures indicate a lack of communication between them. In this article, we assess the state of integration between the entirety of the sport psychology and management literatures on teams by considering the full set of interconnected team articles in the SCOPUS database (6974 articles over 69 years). We use this data to conduct a combination of citation network analysis and content analysis via topic modeling to evaluate conceptual integration. The data show that interdisciplinary discussion between these two fields is lacking, particularly regarding the integration of sport psychology into management research. Whereas 7% of references to team articles in sport psychology come from management journals, only 0.6% of team references in management journals come from sport psychology. Despite this, longitudinal analysis indicates that in the last 10 years the rate of integration between these fields is increasing. We identify specific topics that have accounted for this integration and suggest topics ripe for future integration.Item Better Together: Member Proactivity Is Better for Team Performance When Aligned with Conscientiousness(Academy of Management Discoveries, 2023-05-09) Emich, Kyle; Lu, Li; Ferguson, Amanda J.; Peterson, Randall; McCourt, Michael; Martin, Sean; McClean, Elizabeth; Woodruff, Col. ToddProactivity, the tendency to create change in the work environment, typically improves team performance. This relationship is far from perfect, however. We explore inconsistencies in the team proactivity literature to shed light on an important question – when is member proactivity beneficial or dysfunctional for teams? First, we consider the composition of member proactivity at the team level and whether a simple ‘more is better’ heuristic neglects a more complex relationship linking member proactivity to team coordination and performance. Second, we explore whether proactivity is better when aligned with another individual difference focused on the propensity to plan and coordinate with others (i.e., conscientiousness). In two studies, we compare traditional additive and configurational compositional approaches to these two attributes with a new attribute alignment approach, allowing us to examine the co-occurrence of proactivity and conscientiousness within some team members relative to others. First, we find that team member proactivity-conscientiousness alignment (P-C alignment) predicts the performance of MBA consulting teams better than the other team composition models we considered. Then, we replicate this finding in a laboratory simulation, finding that it occurs because P-C alignment improves team coordination. Our results demonstrate that member proactivity is most effective for the team when it aligns with conscientiousness.Item A closer look at the equivalence of Bernoulli and geometric CUSUM control charts(Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 2022-06-17) Saccucci, Michael S.; Lucas, James M.; Bourke, Patrick D.; Davis, Darwin J.; Saniga, Erwin M.Some researchers have incorrectly concluded that the geometric CUSUM is superior to the Bernoulli CUSUM as a procedure for monitoring a repetitive process, even though the two procedures have been proved to be equivalent for detecting an upward shift in the proportion of nonconforming items. We use an exact Markov-chain-based methodology to re-examine the relationship between geometric CUSUM and Bernoulli CUSUM control charts. Exact methods allow us to differentiate between similar but different-valued quantities that have contributed to some misunderstandings in the literature. We show that for a random-shift model, evaluations of steady-state average number of inspected items until a signal (ANIs) are identical for both geometric CUSUMs and Bernoulli CUSUMs, provided the correct choices of return levels are made. We also show that a steady-state geometric CUSUM based on a fixed-shift model only uses the geometric CUSUM states, while a steady-state geometric CUSUM based on a random-shift model will reach the states of a Bernoulli CUSUM after a long series of zeros. We note that our conclusions are contrary to the published results of other researchers, and we examine these differences in detail. Layman's Abstract: Since, their introduction by Walter Shewhart in 1931, control charts such as the Shewhart p-chart have had widespread application for monitoring the output quality from manufacturing processes, such as the proportion (p) in the stream of manufactured items that are nonconforming. But the Shewhart p-chart is not very effective for monitoring processes when the proportion p is less than about 4 percent. Other charts, such as the geometric CUSUM (proposed in 1991) and the Bernoulli CUSUM (proposed in 1999) have been shown to be superior at identifying changes in p when p is small. Some researchers have relied on simulation-based investigations to compare these two CUSUMs, and have incorrectly concluded that the geometric CUSUM is superior to the Bernoulli CUSUM, even though the two procedures have been proved to be equivalent for detecting an upward shift in the proportion p. Using exact, Markov-chain-based methodology, we re-examine the relationship between the geometric CUSUM and the Bernoulli CUSUM control charts and demonstrate that these two charts are equivalent when evaluated correctly. Exact methods allow us to precisely compare these two monitoring schemes and correct some erroneous conclusions that have appeared in the literature.Item Conceiving opposites together: Cultivating paradoxical frames and epistemic motivation fosters team creativity(Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2022-05-10) Miron-Spektor, Ella; Emich, Kyle; Argote, Linda; Smith, Wendy K.To successfully generate creative solutions, teams must reconcile inconsistent perspectives and integrate competing task demands. We suggest that adopting a paradoxical frame - a mental template that promotes recognizing and embracing the simultaneous existence of seemingly contradictory elements - helps teams navigate this process to produce creative ideas, if team members are epistemically motivated. Our results from two laboratory studies (N = 950) suggest that teams that adopt paradoxical frames and have high epistemic motivation develop more creative solutions than teams with paradoxical frames and low epistemic motivation or epistemically motivated teams with frames that only encourage information sharing. Teams with paradoxical frames and high epistemic motivation are more creative because they engage in idea elaboration – they exchange, consider, and integrate diverse ideas and perspectives. By contrast, other teams settle on suboptimal middle-way solutions that do not address task demands. Our research advances knowledge of why and when paradoxical frames benefit team creativity, by unpacking the processes that enable teams to leverage task and team tensions. We show that when teams collectively work through their tensions and elaborate their diverse ideas they become more creative.Item Cryptocurrency legitimation through rhetorical strategies: an institutional entrepreneurship approach(Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 2022-10-28) Phillips, Duygu; Bylund, Per L.; Rutherford, Matthew W.; Moore, Curt B.How can cryptocurrency gain legitimacy in the eyes of users? Drawing upon the theories of institutional uncertainty and legitimacy, we propose a process model in which legitimacy for cryptocurrencies acquired at the market level via rhetorical strategies (i.e. evasive action) will reduce uncertainty in the formal institutional environment. This reduction in institutional uncertainty will beget additional legitimacy, and thus higher performance for individual crypto firms, on average. This study (1) advances institutional entrepreneurship research by investigating the legitimation process of cryptocurrency; (2) extends our understanding of the evolution of an innovation and its diffusion under institutional uncertainty; (3) contributes to the development of institutional theory by elucidating how cryptocurrencies can change existing institutions, and even create new ones, through evasive entrepreneurship; and (4) provides an overall theoretical rationale for how cryptocurrency can become more widely accepted.Item Differentiating Interhospital Transfer Types: Varied Impacts and Diverging Coordination Strategies(Production and Operations Management, 2021-07-12) Fan, Raymond Lei; Zhao, Ming; Peng, David XiaosongInterhospital transfer (IHT) is common in care delivery. As a form of care transition, IHT faces coordination challenges and can negatively affect care outcomes. Understanding the underlying reasons and the associated operational challenges of different IHT types can help hospital managers design mitigation mechanisms to improve the IHT care outcomes. We conceptually and empirically differentiate between clinical and non-clinical transfers based on their unique characteristics and compare their respective impacts on care outcomes, including length of stay (LOS), readmission, and mortality. Non-clinical transfers are found to have worse care outcomes than clinical transfers and largely accounts for the inferior care outcomes of IHT compared with direct admissions, perhaps due to inadequate care coordination. Since poor coordination between hospitals is frequently cited as a root cause of care quality problems, we investigate whether two coordination mechanisms, namely hospital system affiliation and transfer routinization, can mitigate the potential negative effects of IHT on care outcomes. Our analyses suggest that the two coordination mechanisms are associated with improved IHT outcomes, and both seem to have stronger effects for non-clinical transfers. Specifically, system affiliation and transfer routinization can reduce LOS and readmission for non-clinical transfers. The results offer valuable insights to hospital managers for improving IHT care outcomes.Item Doing good for (maybe) nothing: How reward uncertainty shapes observer responses to prosocial behavior(Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2022-01-06) Silver, Ike; Silverman, JackieWhen firms or individuals stand to benefit from doing good, observers often question their motivations and discount their good deeds. We propose that this attribution process is sensitive not only to the presence of extrinsic incentives, but also to their prior likelihoods. Across eleven studies, observers treat uncertain rewards (vs. equally valuable certain rewards) as weaker signals of extrinsic motivation. Consequently, observers judge actors who do good when facing uncertain incentives as more purely motivated, benevolent, and likable, and they prefer products from brands that incur profit uncertainty when launching CSR initiatives. Even actors who are handsomely rewarded for doing good are judged favorably if rewards were uncertain at the outset. These effects may stem from more general processes of counterfactual attribution: Actors who do good knowing they might not be rewarded for it may seem more like they would have been willing to act without any incentive at all.Item The Effect of Loan Debt on Graduation by Department: a Bayesian Hierarchical Approach(Journal of Student Financial Aid, 2022-09-26) Cai, Chuan; Fleischhacker, AdamUsing data from three cohorts at the University of Delaware, this study investigates the effects of student loan debt on six-year graduation by department over five years. The effects are estimated from five Bayesian hierarchical models, one model for each year. The Bayesian hierarchical model uses a partial pooling technique to address the over-fitting issue when estimating the effects of loan debt, and this technique is especially beneficial to departments with small enrollments. Similar to the observation that financial aid has different effects by racial and ethnic groups, and socioeconomic groups, findings suggest a pronounced department-level loan debt effect for first-year students that diminishes as students progress through their academic career. These findings suggest that a strategy that considers a students’ academic department when designing a financial aid policy would optimize the efficiency of institutional financial resources. Moreover, universities exploring differential financial aid policies by department should start with randomized trials using first-year students.Item From microbe to metaphor: virus-like problems in organizations(Frontiers in Psychology, 2023-07-20) Sleesman, Dustin J.; Cronin, Cory E.Despite the important role of problem-solving in organizations, our understanding of the fundamental nature of problems is limited. To generate insights and discussion on this topic, we introduce the metaphor of a “virus-like” problem, which is a special kind of problem that often escapes the awareness of organizational leaders. Virus-like problems differ from other problems in organizations because, just like actual viruses, they are hidden, their source is difficult to identify, and they can quickly spread to others. Integrating the public health and organizational psychology fields, we draw lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic and how it was (mis) managed by public officials to offer a new perspective on problems in organizations and offer practical ideas for how leaders can address virus-like problems of their own.Item Harder Than You Think: Misconceptions about Logging Food with Photos versus Text(Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2022-07-26) Silverman, Jackie; Barasch, Alixandra; Diehl, Kristin; Zauberman, GalConsumers lose more weight when they log their food consumption more consistently, yet they face challenges in doing so. We investigate how the modality of food logging—whether people record what they eat by taking photos versus writing text—affects their anticipated and actual logging experience and behavior. We find that consumers are more likely to adopt and anticipate better experiences with photo-based food logging tools over text-based tools. However, in a weeklong field study, these expectations reveal themselves to be inaccurate; once participants start logging, they find taking photos (vs. writing text) to be more difficult, log less of what they eat, and are less likely to continue using the logging tool. These findings contribute to existing research on how people track goal progress, as well as persistence with and dis-adoption of products. Moreover, our findings provide insights into what might increase the use of products that encourage healthy eating.Item Hot streak! Inferences and predictions about goal adherence(Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2023-10-03) Silverman, Jackie; Barasch, Alixandra P.; Small, Deborah A.When do people make optimistic forecasts about goal adherence? Nine preregistered studies find that a recent streak of goal-consistent behavior increases the predicted likelihood that the individual will persist, compared to various other patterns holding the rate of goal adherence constant. This effect is due to perceiving a higher level of commitment following a streak. Accordingly, the effect is larger when the behavior requires commitment to stick with it, compared to when the same behavior is enjoyable in its own right. Furthermore, the effect is weaker in the presence of another diagnostic cue of commitment: when the individual has a high historic rate of goal adherence. People also behave strategically in ways consistent with these inferences (e.g., are less likely to adopt costly goal support tools following a streak, choose partners with recent streaks for joint goal pursuit). Together, these results demonstrate the significance of streaky behavior for forecasting goal adherence.Item A house divided: A multilevel bibliometric review of the job search literature 1973–2020(Journal of Business Research, 2022-07-02) Norder, Kurt; Emich, Kyle; Kanar, Adam; Sawhney, Aman; Behrend, Tara S.A growing body of research across multiple disciplines has aimed to better understand the phenomenon of job search. However, little empirical research has examined the combined content and structure of the job search literature to accumulate programmatic knowledge. Unfortunately, this has resulted in redundancies and isolated advances that harm our ability to make concrete practical recommendations to aid policy makers, organizations, and broader society. Using bibliometric analysis of 3,197 articles on job search, the present article identifies and describes 10 distinct communities of thought and assesses patterns of integration between these communities. Assessment of community relationships confirms disciplinary divides, but reveals insights into patterns of thought within disciplines, and structural and conceptual relationships between them. Based on these findings, we offer a multilevel conceptual framework to organize the job search literature and suggest possible ways to improve its integration to build a more programmatic understanding of the job search phenomenon.Item How Viewer Tuning, Presence, and Attention Respond to Ad Content and Predict Brand Search Lift(Marketing Science, 2022-02-09) McGranaghan, Matthew; Liaukonyte, Jura; Wilbur, Kenneth C.New technology measures TV viewer tuning, presence, and attention, enabling the first distinctions between TV ad viewability and actual ad viewing. We compare new and traditional viewing metrics to evaluate the new metrics’ utility to advertisers. We find that 30% of TV ads play to empty rooms. We then use broadcast networks’ verifiably quasi-random ordering of ads within commercial breaks to estimate causal effects of ads on new viewing metrics among four million advertising exposures. We measure ad metadata and machine-code content features for 6,650 frequent ad videos. We find that recreational product ads preserve audience tuning and presence. Prescription drug advertisements decrease tuning and presence, more so for drugs that treat more prevalent and severe conditions. We also investigate whether new viewing data can inform advertiser objectives, finding that attention helps predict brand search lift after ads.Item ‘I’m Scared to Death to Try It on My Own’: I-Poems and the complexities of religious housing support for people on the US sex offender registry(Anti-Trafficking Review, 2023-04-26) Leon, Chrysanthi S.; Buckridge, Maggie; Herdoíza, MichaelaIn the US, street-based sex workers and people convicted of sex offences are both ‘special populations’, often with additional conditions of community supervision. People convicted of sex offences experience a complicated mix of assistance and surveillance as they re-enter society post-conviction, including numerous restrictions on housing and employment. As a result, they are especially likely to experience homelessness upon release. This article uses I-Poems drawn from interviews with volunteers and professionals who navigate the obstacles to re-entry that govern people on the sex offender registry. We focus on people with religious affiliations (n=38) who provide urgent support during the re-entry process. I-poems are a feminist technique for analysing qualitative data that forefronts the voices of people not often heard and distils complex experiences into accessible narratives. While few in our study overtly exploited re-entering persons on the registry, most support was problematic in subtler ways: we found that re-entering registrants are asked to accept constrained choices involving labour, religious participation, and romantic and other personal relationships in order to receive assistance. Given the secondary stigma attached to work with people convicted of sex offences, and the obscurity within in which many of these religiously-affiliated programmes operate, I-Poems both humanise and reveal the complexities of coercion, religious calling, and supportive housing.Item Living with Corruption in Central and Eastern Europe: Social Identity and the Role of Moral Disengagement(Journal of Business Ethics, 2021-09-04) Takacs Haynes, Katalin; Rašković, Matevž (Matt)We examine corruption across three Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries (Hungary, North Macedonia and Slovenia) through a social psychology framework which integrates social identity theory, social cognitive theory and moral disengagement mechanisms. We illustrate how various social identities influence individual and collective action in terms of ethical behavior and corruption, thereby creating, maintaining and perpetuating petty, grand and systemic public/private corruption through triadic co-determination via cognition, behavior and the environment. Despite growing research on corruption normalization, less is known about the cognitive and behavioral mechanisms in ethical decision making, the cognitive workings of how individuals reconcile unethical behavior and the social psychological processes behind corruption in society and organizations. Expert interviews reveal internally conflicted multi-layered social identities perpetuating corruption, some embedded in nationalistic history and others tied to the European Union, which supports the divergent paths of CEE countries since the fall of communism. Some moral disengagement mechanisms are common across all three countries, while others are linked to specific circumstances. Social identity mechanisms feed into moral disengagement, which individuals draw upon to reconcile the conflict between unethical behavior and moral codes. Patterns of moral disengagement aggregate to the country level and explain normalization of corruption in CEE society and organizations.Item Managing Your Boss (MYB) as a proactive followership behavior: Construct validation and theory development(Personnel Psychology, 2022-12-05) Gajendran, Ravi S.; Mistry, Sal; Tangirala, SubrahmaniamEmployees can be proactive in establishing good working relationships with their managers to enhance their own effectiveness. We propose that an important way that they can do so is by engaging in behaviors we refer to as “Managing Your Boss” (MYB) that involve employees taking the initiative to understand their managers’ goals, needs, and working styles and adapt their job priorities and actions accordingly. We integrate theories on proactivity and followership to lay the conceptual foundation for the study of MYB. We underscore the conceptual distinctiveness of MYB from related constructs. Moreover, we propose that MYB can help employees improve their performance by enabling them to develop high quality leader-member exchanges (LMX) and argue that these effects are amplified in unstructured work environments where jobs are not standardized or when managers fail to provide adequate task structure. Using 1313 working adults across a set of four studies and seven samples, we develop a validated measure of MYB, establish its nomological network, and demonstrate support for key elements of our theoretical model. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice.Item Mapping 50 Years of Small Group Research Through Small Group Research(Small Group Research, 2020-07-13) Emich, Kyle J.; Kumar, Satish; Lu, Li; Norder, Kurt; Pandey, NiteshAt its 50-year milestone, we assess the Small Group Research (SGR) corpus to reflect on the development of group research over the past half century. To do this, we examine the evolution of the corpus’s context and content. We examine its context by assessing its impact, which journals it communicates with, and the internationality of its authors. We examine its content—the topics discussed in its articles—using keyword clustering and co-occurrence network analysis. We identify 10 research communities and track their relationships over the four editorial periods associated with the SGR corpus (lagged 2 years for influence): 1970–1981, 1982–1991, 1992–2010, and 2011–2019. Our analyses indicate that the global and local study of group dynamics has fluctuated over time and that phenomenologically based topics connect theoretical topics and stimulate theoretical development. We also provide three criteria to identify communities and topics of group research most likely to benefit from future integration.Item Motivational Tiered Assessment: A New Grading Approach for Motivating Information Systems Students(Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 2021-12-10) Serva, Mark; Convery, Amanda; Bullough, AmandaAcademia places significant weight on grades as a metric to assess how much students have learned (Beatty, 2004). As a form of assessment, however, grades alone do not provide room for feedback and further student development. This paper offers a new direction to information systems (IS) programs to improve student motivation and better assess student learning—motivational tiered assessment (MTA)—that we propose overcomes these concerns. A tiered approach to learning allows students to choose how much effort and commitment they want to apply and assesses students’ competence based on the performance outcome they choose to achieve by meeting a specific set of pre-determined specifications and expectations. We first explain how MTA works. We then delineate how the new system differs from the points-based grading system, which academia commonly uses. We conclude by presenting three class examples that illustrate how one can apply MTA across an IS curriculum.Item Negotiating Government-to-Government Food Importing Contracts: A Nash Bargaining Framework(Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, 2021-11-17) Mu, Liying; Hu, Bin; Reddy, A. Amarender; Gavirneni, SrinageshProblem definition: Inspired by India’s challenges in importing pulses, we study the negotiation of government-to-government food importing contracts, with a focus on ad hoc and forward negotiations with multiple suppliers (henceforth referred to as multiple-sourcing negotiations). Academic/practical relevance: We are the first to comprehensively study ad hoc and forward multiple-sourcing negotiations for food importing. Such problems are widespread, especially in developing nations, and thus the research can be relevant to the wellbeing of large underprivileged populations. Methodology: We develop an analytical negotiation model in the Nash bargaining framework and adopt the Nash-in-Nash framework to analyze multiple-sourcing negotiations. Results: We find that while forward negotiations are not necessarily better than ad hoc negotiations for the buyer, it would be true with sufficiently many suppliers. When facing a supplier pool, we show that it may be optimal to mix forward and ad hoc suppliers. In general, fewer suppliers should be assigned as ad hoc as the pool size increases. We also find that adding a hybrid supplier (engaged in a forward negotiation with an ad hoc negotiation as the fallback option) may be better or worse than adding a forward supplier in the presence of other suppliers. Managerial implications: Our findings inform how a food importer should strategically utilize ad hoc and forward negotiations with its suppliers to improve the outcome. The work may help countries’ food importing policymaking and strategies and may improve the wellbeing of large underprivileged populations.