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Item Shifting focus: The influence of affective diversity on team creativity(Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2019-11-03) Emich, Kyle J.; Vincent, Lynne C.We propose and test a theory of how diversity in a team’s initial affective composition impacts its creativity by examining how team members’ qualitatively different affective states converge to influence their team’s creative process and outcomes. Three studies involving 1625 participants on 427 teams support an activation-regulatory focus explanation. Team members experiencing activated promotion-focused affect – whether positive (e.g. happiness) or negative (e.g. anger) – tend to focus their teams on idea generation, resulting in the selection of more novel ideas. Alternatively, team members experiencing activated prevention-focused affect (e.g. tension, fear) shift their teams toward idea selection, resulting in reduced idea novelty. When multiple affective states exist within the same team, more activated states dominate the creative process. Prevention-focused states also tend to dominate promotion-focused states with a few exceptions. We discuss our findings in terms of their implications for the study of team creativity and affective convergence and divergence in teams.Item Well, I feel differently: The importance of considering affective patterns in groups(Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2020-02-26) Emich, Kyle J.While it is widely recognized that groups represent strong contexts that influence the affective states of their members, this convergent framing has resulted in the neglect of the systematic study of what occurs when group members' affective states differ. This is an unfortunate oversight. The study of how group members' qualitatively different affective states influence their mindsets and behaviors and interact to drive collective group processes and has the potential to greatly inform broader theory on affective and social influence in groups. To address group affective divergence in the context of established convergence processes, I reframe the consideration of group affect around group affective patterns. Then, I draw on the broader group's literature to set a research agenda for the study of group affective patterns. This agenda allows for the more nuanced examination of how multiple discrete affective states influence each other and align with other group member attributes (e.g., personality, attitudes) to impact group processes and outcomes.Item A comprehensive analysis of the integration of team research between sport psychology and management(Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2020-06-13) Emich, Kyle J.; Norder, Kurt; Lu, Li; Sawhney, AmanBoth sports and organizations rely on teams. As such, the sport psychology and management literatures have contributed greatly to our understanding of team functioning. Despite this, previous reviews based on subsets of articles in these literatures indicate a lack of communication between them. In this article, we assess the state of integration between the entirety of the sport psychology and management literatures on teams by considering the full set of interconnected team articles in the SCOPUS database (6974 articles over 69 years). We use this data to conduct a combination of citation network analysis and content analysis via topic modeling to evaluate conceptual integration. The data show that interdisciplinary discussion between these two fields is lacking, particularly regarding the integration of sport psychology into management research. Whereas 7% of references to team articles in sport psychology come from management journals, only 0.6% of team references in management journals come from sport psychology. Despite this, longitudinal analysis indicates that in the last 10 years the rate of integration between these fields is increasing. We identify specific topics that have accounted for this integration and suggest topics ripe for future integration.Item Mapping 50 Years of Small Group Research Through Small Group Research(Small Group Research, 2020-07-13) Emich, Kyle J.; Kumar, Satish; Lu, Li; Norder, Kurt; Pandey, NiteshAt its 50-year milestone, we assess the Small Group Research (SGR) corpus to reflect on the development of group research over the past half century. To do this, we examine the evolution of the corpus’s context and content. We examine its context by assessing its impact, which journals it communicates with, and the internationality of its authors. We examine its content—the topics discussed in its articles—using keyword clustering and co-occurrence network analysis. We identify 10 research communities and track their relationships over the four editorial periods associated with the SGR corpus (lagged 2 years for influence): 1970–1981, 1982–1991, 1992–2010, and 2011–2019. Our analyses indicate that the global and local study of group dynamics has fluctuated over time and that phenomenologically based topics connect theoretical topics and stimulate theoretical development. We also provide three criteria to identify communities and topics of group research most likely to benefit from future integration.Item Differentiating Interhospital Transfer Types: Varied Impacts and Diverging Coordination Strategies(Production and Operations Management, 2021-07-12) Fan, Raymond Lei; Zhao, Ming; Peng, David XiaosongInterhospital transfer (IHT) is common in care delivery. As a form of care transition, IHT faces coordination challenges and can negatively affect care outcomes. Understanding the underlying reasons and the associated operational challenges of different IHT types can help hospital managers design mitigation mechanisms to improve the IHT care outcomes. We conceptually and empirically differentiate between clinical and non-clinical transfers based on their unique characteristics and compare their respective impacts on care outcomes, including length of stay (LOS), readmission, and mortality. Non-clinical transfers are found to have worse care outcomes than clinical transfers and largely accounts for the inferior care outcomes of IHT compared with direct admissions, perhaps due to inadequate care coordination. Since poor coordination between hospitals is frequently cited as a root cause of care quality problems, we investigate whether two coordination mechanisms, namely hospital system affiliation and transfer routinization, can mitigate the potential negative effects of IHT on care outcomes. Our analyses suggest that the two coordination mechanisms are associated with improved IHT outcomes, and both seem to have stronger effects for non-clinical transfers. Specifically, system affiliation and transfer routinization can reduce LOS and readmission for non-clinical transfers. The results offer valuable insights to hospital managers for improving IHT care outcomes.Item Living with Corruption in Central and Eastern Europe: Social Identity and the Role of Moral Disengagement(Journal of Business Ethics, 2021-09-04) Takacs Haynes, Katalin; Rašković, Matevž (Matt)We examine corruption across three Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries (Hungary, North Macedonia and Slovenia) through a social psychology framework which integrates social identity theory, social cognitive theory and moral disengagement mechanisms. We illustrate how various social identities influence individual and collective action in terms of ethical behavior and corruption, thereby creating, maintaining and perpetuating petty, grand and systemic public/private corruption through triadic co-determination via cognition, behavior and the environment. Despite growing research on corruption normalization, less is known about the cognitive and behavioral mechanisms in ethical decision making, the cognitive workings of how individuals reconcile unethical behavior and the social psychological processes behind corruption in society and organizations. Expert interviews reveal internally conflicted multi-layered social identities perpetuating corruption, some embedded in nationalistic history and others tied to the European Union, which supports the divergent paths of CEE countries since the fall of communism. Some moral disengagement mechanisms are common across all three countries, while others are linked to specific circumstances. Social identity mechanisms feed into moral disengagement, which individuals draw upon to reconcile the conflict between unethical behavior and moral codes. Patterns of moral disengagement aggregate to the country level and explain normalization of corruption in CEE society and organizations.Item Team Composition Revisited: A Team Member Attribute Alignment Approach(Organizational Research Methods, 2021-10-18) Emich, Kyle J.; Lu, Li; Ferguson, Amanda; Peterson, Randall S.; McCourt, MichaelResearch methods for studying team composition tend to employ either a variable-centered or person-centered approach. The variable-centered approach allows scholars to consider how patterns of attributes between team members influence teams, while the person-centered approach allows scholars to consider how variation in multiple attributes within team members influences subgroup formation and its effects. Team composition theory, however, is becoming increasingly sophisticated, assuming variation on multiple attributes both within and between team members—for example, in predicting how a team functions differently when its most assertive members are also optimistic rather than pessimistic. To support this new theory, we propose an attribute alignment approach, which complements the variable-centered and person-centered approaches by modeling teams as matrices of their members and their members’ attributes. We first demonstrate how to calculate attribute alignment by determining the vector norm and vector angle between team members’ attributes. Then, we demonstrate how the alignment of team member personality attributes (neuroticism and agreeableness) affects team relationship conflict. Finally, we discuss the potential of using the attribute alignment approach to enrich broader team research.Item Negotiating Government-to-Government Food Importing Contracts: A Nash Bargaining Framework(Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, 2021-11-17) Mu, Liying; Hu, Bin; Reddy, A. Amarender; Gavirneni, SrinageshProblem definition: Inspired by India’s challenges in importing pulses, we study the negotiation of government-to-government food importing contracts, with a focus on ad hoc and forward negotiations with multiple suppliers (henceforth referred to as multiple-sourcing negotiations). Academic/practical relevance: We are the first to comprehensively study ad hoc and forward multiple-sourcing negotiations for food importing. Such problems are widespread, especially in developing nations, and thus the research can be relevant to the wellbeing of large underprivileged populations. Methodology: We develop an analytical negotiation model in the Nash bargaining framework and adopt the Nash-in-Nash framework to analyze multiple-sourcing negotiations. Results: We find that while forward negotiations are not necessarily better than ad hoc negotiations for the buyer, it would be true with sufficiently many suppliers. When facing a supplier pool, we show that it may be optimal to mix forward and ad hoc suppliers. In general, fewer suppliers should be assigned as ad hoc as the pool size increases. We also find that adding a hybrid supplier (engaged in a forward negotiation with an ad hoc negotiation as the fallback option) may be better or worse than adding a forward supplier in the presence of other suppliers. Managerial implications: Our findings inform how a food importer should strategically utilize ad hoc and forward negotiations with its suppliers to improve the outcome. The work may help countries’ food importing policymaking and strategies and may improve the wellbeing of large underprivileged populations.Item Motivational Tiered Assessment: A New Grading Approach for Motivating Information Systems Students(Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 2021-12-10) Serva, Mark; Convery, Amanda; Bullough, AmandaAcademia places significant weight on grades as a metric to assess how much students have learned (Beatty, 2004). As a form of assessment, however, grades alone do not provide room for feedback and further student development. This paper offers a new direction to information systems (IS) programs to improve student motivation and better assess student learning—motivational tiered assessment (MTA)—that we propose overcomes these concerns. A tiered approach to learning allows students to choose how much effort and commitment they want to apply and assesses students’ competence based on the performance outcome they choose to achieve by meeting a specific set of pre-determined specifications and expectations. We first explain how MTA works. We then delineate how the new system differs from the points-based grading system, which academia commonly uses. We conclude by presenting three class examples that illustrate how one can apply MTA across an IS curriculum.Item Doing good for (maybe) nothing: How reward uncertainty shapes observer responses to prosocial behavior(Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2022-01-06) Silver, Ike; Silverman, JackieWhen firms or individuals stand to benefit from doing good, observers often question their motivations and discount their good deeds. We propose that this attribution process is sensitive not only to the presence of extrinsic incentives, but also to their prior likelihoods. Across eleven studies, observers treat uncertain rewards (vs. equally valuable certain rewards) as weaker signals of extrinsic motivation. Consequently, observers judge actors who do good when facing uncertain incentives as more purely motivated, benevolent, and likable, and they prefer products from brands that incur profit uncertainty when launching CSR initiatives. Even actors who are handsomely rewarded for doing good are judged favorably if rewards were uncertain at the outset. These effects may stem from more general processes of counterfactual attribution: Actors who do good knowing they might not be rewarded for it may seem more like they would have been willing to act without any incentive at all.Item How Viewer Tuning, Presence, and Attention Respond to Ad Content and Predict Brand Search Lift(Marketing Science, 2022-02-09) McGranaghan, Matthew; Liaukonyte, Jura; Wilbur, Kenneth C.New technology measures TV viewer tuning, presence, and attention, enabling the first distinctions between TV ad viewability and actual ad viewing. We compare new and traditional viewing metrics to evaluate the new metrics’ utility to advertisers. We find that 30% of TV ads play to empty rooms. We then use broadcast networks’ verifiably quasi-random ordering of ads within commercial breaks to estimate causal effects of ads on new viewing metrics among four million advertising exposures. We measure ad metadata and machine-code content features for 6,650 frequent ad videos. We find that recreational product ads preserve audience tuning and presence. Prescription drug advertisements decrease tuning and presence, more so for drugs that treat more prevalent and severe conditions. We also investigate whether new viewing data can inform advertiser objectives, finding that attention helps predict brand search lift after ads.Item QRnet: fast learning-based QR code image embedding(Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2022-02-16) Pena-Pena, Karelia; Lau, Daniel L.; Arce, Andrew J.; Arce, Gonzalo R.Quick Response (QR) codes usage in e-commerce is on the rise due to their versatility and ability to connect offline and online content, taking over almost every aspect of a business from posters to payments. Thus, many efforts have aimed at improving the visual quality of QR codes to be easily included in publicity designs in billboards and magazines. The most successful approaches, however, are slow since optimization algorithms are required for the generation of each beautified QR code, hindering its online customization. The aim of this paper is the fast generation of visually pleasant and robust QR codes. The proposed framework leverages state-of-the-art deep-learning algorithms to embed a color image into a baseline QR code in seconds while keeping a maximum probability of error during the decoding procedure. Halftoning techniques that exploit the human visual system (HVS) are used to smooth the embedding of the QR code structure in the final QR code image while reinforcing the decoding robustness. Compared to optimization-based methods, our framework provides similar qualitative results but is 3 orders of magnitude faster.Item Too many teams? Examining the impact of multiple team memberships and permanent team identification on employees’ identity strain, cognitive depletion, and turnover(Personnel Psychology, 2022-04-23) Mistry, Sal; Kirkman, Bradley L.; Moore, Ozias A.; Hanna, Andrew A.; Rapp, Tammy L.As the prevalence of multiple team membership (MTM) arrangements continues to grow, researchers have argued that shifting between teams and work roles induces MTM identity strain and other harmful outcomes. Drawing from work role transitions research on role identity and integrating it with social identity theory, we investigate this line of reasoning by conducting two studies, one field and one online panel study, focusing on blended MTMs, in which employees are concurrently assigned to a permanent team and several temporary project teams. Specifically, we examine the theoretical mechanisms explaining a positive relationship between number of temporary teams and turnover decisions. In Study 1, we surprisingly found that number of temporary teams negatively related to turnover decisions through MTM identity strain with permanent team identification strengthening this effect. In contrast, in Study 2, we found support for the hypothesized relationships: number of teams indirectly positively related to turnover intentions, mediated by MTM identity strain and cognitive depletion, and permanent team identification weakened the indirect effect. We provide explanations for these mixed findings and suggest theoretical and practical implications for MTM research.Item Conceiving opposites together: Cultivating paradoxical frames and epistemic motivation fosters team creativity(Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2022-05-10) Miron-Spektor, Ella; Emich, Kyle; Argote, Linda; Smith, Wendy K.To successfully generate creative solutions, teams must reconcile inconsistent perspectives and integrate competing task demands. We suggest that adopting a paradoxical frame - a mental template that promotes recognizing and embracing the simultaneous existence of seemingly contradictory elements - helps teams navigate this process to produce creative ideas, if team members are epistemically motivated. Our results from two laboratory studies (N = 950) suggest that teams that adopt paradoxical frames and have high epistemic motivation develop more creative solutions than teams with paradoxical frames and low epistemic motivation or epistemically motivated teams with frames that only encourage information sharing. Teams with paradoxical frames and high epistemic motivation are more creative because they engage in idea elaboration – they exchange, consider, and integrate diverse ideas and perspectives. By contrast, other teams settle on suboptimal middle-way solutions that do not address task demands. Our research advances knowledge of why and when paradoxical frames benefit team creativity, by unpacking the processes that enable teams to leverage task and team tensions. We show that when teams collectively work through their tensions and elaborate their diverse ideas they become more creative.Item Take it from the Top: How Intensity of TMT Joint Problem Solving and Levels of Interdependence Influence Quality of Strategy Implementation Coordination and Firm Performance(Journal of Management Studies, 2022-05-18) Mistry, Sal; Kirkman, Bradley L.; Hitt, Michael A.; Barrick, Murray R.Despite the belief that strategy implementation begins at the very top of a firm, there remains an inadequate understanding about top management teams' (TMTs) involvement in the strategy implementation process. Building upon and extending strategic leadership theory, we develop and empirically test a theoretical model of the interactive effects of the intensity of TMT joint problem solving and level of TMT interdependence on quality of TMT strategy implementation coordination and firm performance. Using data collected from TMTs in 83 firms, our results show that the: intensity of TMT joint problem solving is positively related to quality of TMT strategy implementation coordination; interaction between the intensity of TMT joint problem solving and the level of TMT interdependence attenuates the positive influence of each on quality of TMT strategy implementation coordination, demonstrating a substitution effect; and, quality of TMT strategy implementation coordination mediates the relationship between the interaction and firm performance.Item Reflections on the 2021 Decade Award: Navigating Paradox is Paradoxical(Academy of Management Review, 2022-06-01) Lewis, Marianne W.; Smith, Wendy K.We are delighted at the explosion of research advancing and applying paradox theory in the past 10 years and deeply honored to receive the 2021 Academy of Management Review Decade Award for the publication “Toward a Theory of Paradox: A Dynamic Equilibrium Model of Organizing”. In this paper, we reflect on the background story to writing this article and suggest that the success of paradox theory, and this paper, may be due relevance, theoretical inclusivity along with targeted efforts for community building. We assess accumulated scholarship, noting both the convergence of key ideas and definitions, while recognizing the divergence of ontologies, methodologies, theories and phenomena. We integrate expanding insights into a framework that we label as the Paradox System, which highlights the breadth of research, depicts the interwoven and paradoxical relationships across categories, and surfaces a core insight that navigating paradox is paradoxical. Finally, we explore the possibility of paradox emerging as a paradigm in organizational studies.Item A closer look at the equivalence of Bernoulli and geometric CUSUM control charts(Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 2022-06-17) Saccucci, Michael S.; Lucas, James M.; Bourke, Patrick D.; Davis, Darwin J.; Saniga, Erwin M.Some researchers have incorrectly concluded that the geometric CUSUM is superior to the Bernoulli CUSUM as a procedure for monitoring a repetitive process, even though the two procedures have been proved to be equivalent for detecting an upward shift in the proportion of nonconforming items. We use an exact Markov-chain-based methodology to re-examine the relationship between geometric CUSUM and Bernoulli CUSUM control charts. Exact methods allow us to differentiate between similar but different-valued quantities that have contributed to some misunderstandings in the literature. We show that for a random-shift model, evaluations of steady-state average number of inspected items until a signal (ANIs) are identical for both geometric CUSUMs and Bernoulli CUSUMs, provided the correct choices of return levels are made. We also show that a steady-state geometric CUSUM based on a fixed-shift model only uses the geometric CUSUM states, while a steady-state geometric CUSUM based on a random-shift model will reach the states of a Bernoulli CUSUM after a long series of zeros. We note that our conclusions are contrary to the published results of other researchers, and we examine these differences in detail. Layman's Abstract: Since, their introduction by Walter Shewhart in 1931, control charts such as the Shewhart p-chart have had widespread application for monitoring the output quality from manufacturing processes, such as the proportion (p) in the stream of manufactured items that are nonconforming. But the Shewhart p-chart is not very effective for monitoring processes when the proportion p is less than about 4 percent. Other charts, such as the geometric CUSUM (proposed in 1991) and the Bernoulli CUSUM (proposed in 1999) have been shown to be superior at identifying changes in p when p is small. Some researchers have relied on simulation-based investigations to compare these two CUSUMs, and have incorrectly concluded that the geometric CUSUM is superior to the Bernoulli CUSUM, even though the two procedures have been proved to be equivalent for detecting an upward shift in the proportion p. Using exact, Markov-chain-based methodology, we re-examine the relationship between the geometric CUSUM and the Bernoulli CUSUM control charts and demonstrate that these two charts are equivalent when evaluated correctly. Exact methods allow us to precisely compare these two monitoring schemes and correct some erroneous conclusions that have appeared in the literature.Item On or Off Track: How (Broken) Streaks Affect Consumer Decisions(Journal of Consumer Research, 2022-06-30) Silverman, Jackie; Barasch, AlixandraNew technologies increasingly enable consumers to track their behaviors over time, making them more aware of their “streaks”—behaviors performed consecutively three or more times—than ever before. Our research explores how these logged streaks affect consumers’ decisions to engage in the same behavior subsequently. In seven studies, we find that intact streaks highlighted via behavioral logs increase consumers’ subsequent engagement in that behavior, relative to when broken streaks are highlighted. Importantly, this effect is independent of actual past behavior and depends solely on how that behavior is represented within the log. This is because consumers consider maintaining a logged streak to be a meaningful goal in and of itself. In line with this theory, the effect of intact (vs. broken) logged streaks is amplified when consumers attribute a break in the streak to themselves rather than to external factors, and attenuated when consumers can “repair” a broken streak. Our research provides actionable insights for companies seeking to benefit from highlighting consumers’ streaks in various consequential domains (e.g., fitness, learning) without incurring a cost (e.g., reduced engagement or abandonment) when those streaks are broken.Item A house divided: A multilevel bibliometric review of the job search literature 1973–2020(Journal of Business Research, 2022-07-02) Norder, Kurt; Emich, Kyle; Kanar, Adam; Sawhney, Aman; Behrend, Tara S.A growing body of research across multiple disciplines has aimed to better understand the phenomenon of job search. However, little empirical research has examined the combined content and structure of the job search literature to accumulate programmatic knowledge. Unfortunately, this has resulted in redundancies and isolated advances that harm our ability to make concrete practical recommendations to aid policy makers, organizations, and broader society. Using bibliometric analysis of 3,197 articles on job search, the present article identifies and describes 10 distinct communities of thought and assesses patterns of integration between these communities. Assessment of community relationships confirms disciplinary divides, but reveals insights into patterns of thought within disciplines, and structural and conceptual relationships between them. Based on these findings, we offer a multilevel conceptual framework to organize the job search literature and suggest possible ways to improve its integration to build a more programmatic understanding of the job search phenomenon.Item Harder Than You Think: Misconceptions about Logging Food with Photos versus Text(Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2022-07-26) Silverman, Jackie; Barasch, Alixandra; Diehl, Kristin; Zauberman, GalConsumers lose more weight when they log their food consumption more consistently, yet they face challenges in doing so. We investigate how the modality of food logging—whether people record what they eat by taking photos versus writing text—affects their anticipated and actual logging experience and behavior. We find that consumers are more likely to adopt and anticipate better experiences with photo-based food logging tools over text-based tools. However, in a weeklong field study, these expectations reveal themselves to be inaccurate; once participants start logging, they find taking photos (vs. writing text) to be more difficult, log less of what they eat, and are less likely to continue using the logging tool. These findings contribute to existing research on how people track goal progress, as well as persistence with and dis-adoption of products. Moreover, our findings provide insights into what might increase the use of products that encourage healthy eating.