A Universal Electric Vehicle Outlet and Portable Cable for North America
| Author(s) | Kempton, Willett | |
| Author(s) | McGee, Rodney T. | |
| Author(s) | Ejzak, Garrett A. | |
| Date Accessioned | 2024-08-14T17:06:48Z | |
| Date Available | 2024-08-14T17:06:48Z | |
| Publication Date | 2024-08-06 | |
| Description | This article was originally published in World Electric Vehicle Journal. The version of record is available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080353. Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). | |
| Abstract | For electric vehicle (EV) charging in North America, three AC connectors are standardized, resulting in a proliferation of charging stations which can only charge one of the three types of EV. We propose a “Universal EV Outlet” that works with an EV “carry along” charging cable—one end of the cable has a connector specific to that user’s EV, the other a plug for the Universal EV Outlet. This proposal does not interfere with, nor require change to, any existing charging stations. It does not require any new types of inlets on EVs. The components are already standardized. Eight use cases are examined to illustrate the advantages, and some limitations, of the Universal EV Outlet. The use cases illustrate how this solution: resolves the problem of multiple AC charging connectors, makes today’s “EV Ready” building codes more adaptable, lowers capital and maintenance costs, creates a solution to curbside and urban charging, increases energy efficiency, enables higher power three-phase AC charging for heavy vehicles, and facilitates use of EVs for building backup power and for vehicle-to-grid. Finally, we propose a standards-based active cable used with the Universal EV Outlet, which would allow fast and secure EV identification for curbside or other shared charging locations, usable today without modifications to current EVs. | |
| Sponsor | Funding This work was supported in part by the US Joint Office of Energy and Transportation (grant 4F-60102), Nuvve Holdings Corp (grant “UD Modification 8”), and the UD Center for Research in Wind (publication charges). Acknowledgments Valuable comments and suggestions were provided by Erik Anderson of Curbside Electric, Theodore Bohn of Argonne National Lab, F. Scott Lian of the DOT Volpe Center, and Michael Nicholas of California Energy Commission. Those making comments and suggestions are not responsible for any errors or omissions in this article. Conflicts of Interest W. Kempton is technical advisor to, and has financial interest in, Nuvve Corp., which manufactures EV charging stations. R. McGee and G. Ejzak have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. | |
| Citation | Kempton W, McGee RT, Ejzak GA. A Universal Electric Vehicle Outlet and Portable Cable for North America. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2024; 15(8):353. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080353 | |
| ISSN | 2032-6653 | |
| URL | https://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/34699 | |
| Language | en_US | |
| Publisher | World Electric Vehicle Journal | |
| dc.rights | Attribution 4.0 International | en |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | |
| Keywords | electric vehicles | |
| Keywords | charging system | |
| Keywords | electrical standards | |
| Keywords | SAE J3068 | |
| Keywords | SAE J3400 | |
| Keywords | connectors | |
| Keywords | EV outlet | |
| Keywords | charging use cases | |
| Keywords | vehicle-to-grid | |
| Title | A Universal Electric Vehicle Outlet and Portable Cable for North America | |
| Type | Article |
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