Guidelines for the reintroduction of plant species with issues related to low genetic diversity
Date
2015
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Publisher
University of Delaware
Abstract
An increasing number of plant species are being threatened with population fragmentation and extinction, mainly due to anthropogenic actions. Populations with low numbers usually consist of low genetic diversity, which can result in deleterious symptoms that cause further species decline. As a result, numerous species currently exist only as a few genotypes in botanical collections around the world, with little hope of successful reintroduction back into the wild. This research will explore how species with low genetic diversity can best be managed to facilitate reintroduction back into a natural ecosystem, and what can be done to save those species that are on the verge of extinction. This research investigated the current management practices used for plants with a known low genetic diversity through a survey of botanic garden conservation programs, case studies and interviews. Alternate methods of increasing genetic diversity of plant material in other sectors were also explored as potential conservation measures. Survey results showed most institutions utilize general management practices to facilitate species reintroduction, but few have specialized methods of maintaining or increasing genetic diversity apart from mixing of seed sources. Case studies and interviews with reintroduction experts and crop geneticists supported the development of a set of guidelines for best management practices pertaining to genetic diversity. These guidelines focus on knowledge of species demographics and distribution, stored germplasm, species biology, reintroduction history and the potential for conservation breeding and managed relocation. Additionally, several methods of gene manipulation were identified that may be useful in creating diversity in genetically depauperate species. These include hybridization, genetic modification, mutagenesis, polyploidization and genome editing.