Browsing by Author "Hakkinen, S."
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Item Large-scale comparison between buoy and SSM/I drift and deformation in the eurasian basin during winter 1992-1993(American Geophysical Union, 2000) Geiger, Cathleen A.; Zhao, Y. H.; Liu, A. K.; Hakkinen, S.; Geiger, Cathleen A., Zhao, Y. H., Liu, A. K., Hakkinen, S.; Geiger, Cathleen A.A method for comparing sea ice velocity, divergence, and shear at the large-scale between buoys and Special Sensor Micro wave Imager (SSM/I) is presented. For initial testing, the method is applied in the Eurasian Basin because of its relatively simple circulation dominated by the wind. Using eight Argos buoys, 11 strain rate arrays 100-600 km in size are constructed. Daily 100 km resolution sea ice motion derived from SSM/I 85 GHz brightness temperatures is sampled 100-1000 km from the center of the buoy arrays. Over this range of possible scales, a minimum RMS difference (RMSD) for deformation is used to identify an optimal inclusion radius of 600 km corresponding to a length scale of 1000 km. This length scale is typical of local storms confirming a strong connection between wind and observed sea ice motion. On the basis of all II arrays, an average RMSD of 2.48 +/- 0.05 cm s(-1) for velocity vector and 8.8 +/- 0.9 x 10(-8) s(-1) using all four deformation components (partial derivative u(i)/partial derivative x(j)) is found at the optimal inclusion radius corresponding to average correlation coefficients of 0.896 +/- 0.002 and 0.729 +/- 0.030, respectively. RMSD are found to scale with the temporal and spatial uncertainties of the SSM/I suggesting that even better results can be achieved with higher resolution instruments.Item Simulated low-frequency modes of circulation in the Arctic Ocean(American Geophysical Union, 2000) Hakkinen, S.; Geiger, Cathleen A.; Hakkinen, S., Geiger, Cathleen A.; Geiger, Cathleen A.The variability of the Arctic circulation is investigated for a 43 year period (1951-1993) from a coupled ice-ocean model. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis shows that the variability of the sea surface height (SSH) and vertically integrated transport is organized so that in the leading mode the whole Arctic operates as a single gyre. The mode is associated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) [Thompson and Wallace, 1998], and it explains over 70% of the variance in the vertically integrated transport and 25% of the SSH variability. The physical interpretation of this mode is derived to arise from its close connection to the Atlantic inflow to the Arctic. The mode shows a major shift toward cyclonic circulation in the end of the 1980s which is associated with a large multiyear pulse of Atlantic water to the Arctic. Thus this event appears as the likely initiation of the Atlantic laver warming observed during the recent years [Carmack et al., 1995]. Overall, the first mode shows strong decadal variability as reported by Proshurinsky and Johnson [1997]. The second mode of the oceanic circulation, which explains 9% of the variance in the transport, contains mio gyres with opposing cyclonicity in the Eurasia and Canada basins. It projects onto the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern and displays a 14 year cycle which is known to exist in the midlatitude North Atlantic surface temperatures [Deser and Blackmon, 1993]. A further examination reveals that this mode describes the variability of the flow through the Barents Sea, which is modulated by the water mass modification due to the local heat flux variability. The apparent NAO connection is provided by a simultaneous correlation between the time series of this second mode and the leading heat flux mode in the North Atlantic which is associated with NAG.