Factors influencing farmer adoption of in-season nitrogen modeling tools in the Mid-Atlantic
Date
2025
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Publisher
University of Delaware
Abstract
Increasing nitrogen (N) use efficiency in agriculture can improve farm profitability and water quality outcomes by reducing N leaching and runoff into water bodies. In-season N modeling tools (NMTs) have been developed to guide efficient N applications and reduce N environmental losses; however, adoption is reported to be low among U.S. farmers. Extensive research has identified how factors such as farm and farmer characteristics, farmer motivations and perceptions, technology attributes, and information sources influence farmer adoption of various nutrient management practices. Yet, research on in-season NMTs is limited, and little is known about the factors that affect the adoption of these tools. This study addresses these research gaps by examining the barriers and drivers of in-season NMT adoption among corn farmers in the Mid-Atlantic region. To understand adoption decisions, we use a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative analysis of survey data from 348 corn farmers in Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania with thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 20 additional farmers and 5 crop consultants. Our quantitative analysis reveals that farmers enrolled in federal agri-environmental programs and those who are aware of in-season NMTs are more likely to adopt in-season NMTs compared to those enrolled in state agri-environmental programs and those who are unaware of them. Our qualitative findings also suggest that broader adoption of NMTs is limited by lack of knowledge and awareness of NMTs, concerns about tool accuracy and effectiveness, and resistance to change. Despite low adoption rates, all farmers we interviewed expressed openness to future use but noted the importance of providing education and awareness about the tool, ease of use, and proof of effectiveness and accuracy as important ways of improving the adoption of in-season NMTs This study, therefore, addresses a significant information gap regarding the factors affecting the adoption of in-season NMTs. Policymakers, agri-environmental program administrators, technical assistance providers, and NMT developers can utilize insights from our study's findings as they work to promote the use of in-season NMTs to improve sustainable agricultural practices in the region.
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Keywords
Nitrogen, Nitrogen modeling, Corn farmers