Using Advanced Tri-Axial Accelerometer Data to Improve Behavioral Time Budgets and Bioenergetic Estimates of Wintering Lesser Scaup
Date
2026-01-05
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Ecology and Evolution
Abstract
Wildlife behavior studies have provided vital information towards understanding the natural histories of wildlife species and identified crucial components regarding their habitat and metabolic needs. For many species, typical behavioral data are collected using diurnal scans that have limitations in both when and where the data can be collected, ultimately leading to biases in behavioral patterns. With technological and analytical advancements of radiotechnology, behavior data can be collected more often and over larger spatial scales than with traditional methods. This study compares the behavioral time budget estimates between two different observational methods: ground-truthed diurnal scanning observations and 24-h tri-axial accelerometer (ACC) GPS/GSM transmitter data that were classified using machine learning. We used the time budgets produced from the two methodologies and calculated the daily energy expenditure (DEE) for wintering Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) to explore the implications of biased behavioral data. We found significantly more feeding and less flight behavior of birds in the ACC data than in the visual scanning data. Using the ACC behavior proportions of the two most energetically demanding behaviors (feeding and flying), we found that feeding occurred 42% more during the day and flying occurred 23% more during the night. Lastly, we identified that the DEE estimated using the diurnal scanning observations produced a significantly lower estimate than with the 24-h ACC data. This advanced way of interpreting wildlife behavior patterns can increase our understanding of wildlife species' natural history and make improved decisions regarding wildlife conservation and management. Incorporating this new technique of wildlife behavioral observations, we provided a new framework to expand our current knowledge of wintering waterfowl behaviors and energetic needs that can be adapted to research the vast intricacies of wildlife behavior.
Description
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2025 The Author(s). Ecology and Evolution published by British Ecological Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
This article was originally published in Ecology and Evolution . The version of record is available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72868
Keywords
Aythya affinis, daily energy expenditure, lesser scaup, machine learning, scanning observations, time-activity budgets, tri-axial, accelerometer data
Citation
Schley, H. L., C. K. Williams, J. Homyack, B. Harvey, G. H. Olsen, and S. Johnson. 2026. “ Using Advanced Tri-Axial Accelerometer Data to Improve Behavioral Time Budgets and Bioenergetic Estimates of Wintering Lesser Scaup.” Ecology and Evolution 16, no. 1: e72868. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72868