Advanced components for electric vehicle system: vehicle-to-grid metering, vehicle-to-vehicle charging, and high-power charge circuit interrupting devices
Date
2021
Authors
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Publisher
University of Delaware
Abstract
The development and deployment of clean energy to free us from fossil energy is one of the most urgent issues of the world nowadays, building upon bold and novel attempts and successes by scientists and engineers. The Electric Vehicle (EV) is one of the successful technological innovations that replace traditional petroleum fuels with clean energy for propulsion. EVs not only reduce the consumption of fossil energy but also can provide electric storage linked to clean energy output from wind energy and solar energy through Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. V2G offers a cost-effective method to make EVs be the extended storage devices of the grid when they are idle, and also able to be a resource to serve the grid with associated cables and connection terminals to the grid. V2G technology has been applied to various markets and regions that involve to improve the performance of balancing services, primary reserves, and peak load reduction. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE), like the terminal of the V2G system which links the EVs to the grid, is remotely controlled by an aggregator. Since the V2G services are based on real-time data monitoring and utility control, a certified accurate and fast-responding energy metering module is essential to commercial grid services from a V2G system. Therefore, an embedded metering module that complies with the relevant grid metering standards and/or EVSE standards is one of the topics that will be discussed in this dissertation. ☐ Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) is a term referring to V2G as well as other vehicle-sourced power configurations. V2X is one step forward in the idea of bi-directional energy transmission of electric vehicle energy storage. V2X attempts to make the range of loads powered by EVs more diversified, not just limited to power the grid in V2G. EVs, as a transportation tool, are power consumption appliances but also can be treated as a power source, drawing from storage to power other electrical appliances by V2X technology, even a micro-grid system. Depending on where the power flows into, V2X can be sub-classified into V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle), V2L (Vehicle to Load), and backup power---the latter sometimes referred to as V2H (Vehicle to Home), or V2B (Vehicle to Building). To establish a V2X power source, there are three main components: the donor EV, the recipient load, and the charging cable connecting these two. In the second part of this dissertation, the structure of V2X will be included and mainly focus on design and test the prototype of a V2X specialized charging cable which based on J1772 product. Since V2X specialized charging cable is inspired by the temperature monitoring project that based on 1-Wire communication sensor. The 1-Wire communication protocol and the temperature monitoring project will be presented as one chapter before V2X specialized charging cable work. ☐ In addition to the module-level improvement of V2G/V2X technology, an EVSE, called the PowerPort, was designed by, and continues to be improved by, the V2G research team at the University of Delaware (in CVORG, ECE and CEOE). This includes an advanced safety module that prevents current leakage, called a charge current interrupting device (CCID). The CCID module is a personnel protection device/module that specifically defined for EV/EVSE by UL2231 standard. By upgrading the CCID module, the performance of leakage current protection is improved as a CCID20 level module. The CCID and related components will be discussed in the chapter 7 of this article, it is also compared with previous RCD designs to prove the necessity of improvement. ☐ Finally, as a summary of the above work and prospects for the future, some possible improvements to the PowerPort EVSE, V2G system, and supplements to the V2X technology will be discussed.
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Keywords
CCID, Electric vehicle, Electric vehicle supply Equipment, Embedded metering module, Vehicle to grid, Vehicle to vehicle