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Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Is Associated with Device-Estimated Sleep Metrics in Healthy Young and Early Middle-Aged Adults
Date
2025-10-25
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Sleep Advances
Abstract
Study Objectives
We tested associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration ([25(OH)D]) and device-estimated sleep metrics including sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep duration regularity, sleep timing regularity, and sleep regularity index (SRI) in young and early middle-aged adults (18-45 years). We also assessed the mediating effect of nighttime melatonin (urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) excretion) on these associations.
Methods
Participants (n = 79) completed 14 days of wrist actigraphy. Fasted blood sampling was performed to quantify serum [25(OH)D]. First morning void was used to quantify overnight urinary aMT6s excretion, normalized to creatinine clearance. Associations between [25(OH)D] and sleep metrics were evaluated using linear regression (model 1). Separate models adjusted for age, sex, race, and body fat% (model 2), season of testing, caffeine consumption, and education level (model 3), and device-estimated moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (model 4; n = 68).
Results
Serum [25(OH)D] was positively associated with sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and SRI, and negatively associated with sleep duration regularity, sleep onset timing regularity, and sleep midpoint timing regularity in model 1 (all P<0.03) and model 4 (all P<0.02). In model 2, serum [25(OH)D] remained significantly associated with sleep duration only (P=0.036). In model 3, serum [25(OH)D] remained significantly associated with all sleep metrics (P<0.02) except sleep duration regularity and SRI. Serum [25(OH)D] was not associated with aMT6s:creatinine, indicating no grounds for performing mediation analyses.
Conclusions
Serum [25(OH)D] is independently associated with several sleep metrics in healthy adults. However, nighttime melatonin concentration did not mediate these associations, thus other mechanistic pathways must be considered.
Description
This article was originally published in Sleep Advances. The version of record is available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf077
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Sleep Research Society.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Keywords
Vitamin D, Sleep, Actigraphy, Melatonin, Young Adults
Citation
Michele N D’Agata, Elissa K Hoopes, Thomas Keiser, Freda Patterson, Benjamin C Brewer, Melissa A Witman, Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Is Associated with Device-Estimated Sleep Metrics in Healthy Young and Early Middle-Aged Adults, SLEEP Advances, 2025;, zpaf077, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf077