Developmental toxicity and estrogenic activity of antimicrobial phenolic-branched fatty acids using in silico simulations and in vivo and in vitro bioassay

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Author(s)Zhang, Xinwen
Author(s)Ngo, Helen
Author(s)Wagner, Karen
Author(s)Fan, Xuetong
Author(s)Wu, Changqing
Date Accessioned2024-09-06T17:26:20Z
Date Available2024-09-06T17:26:20Z
Publication Date2024-09-02
DescriptionThis article was originally published in Frontiers in Toxicology by Frontiers Media. The version of record is available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2024.1380485. © 2024 Zhang, Ngo, Wagner, Fan and Wu. © 2024 Zhang, Ngo, Wagner, Fan and Wu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
AbstractDue to the growing safety and environmental concerns associated with biocides, phenolic-soy branched chain fatty acids (phenolic-soy BCFAs) are synthesized as new bio-based antimicrobial agents. Safety evaluation is essential before the wide adoption of these new antimicrobial products. This study was initiated to evaluate the safety of four phenolic-soy BCFAs (with phenol, thymol, carvacrol, or creosote branches). Methyl-branched iso-oleic acid, phenol, and creosote were included in the study as controls. In silico toxicity simulation tools predicted that the phenolic BCFAs had much higher toxicities to aquatic organisms than free phenolics did, while the opposite was predicted for rats. The developmental toxicity of four phenolic-soy BCFAs was assessed using an in vivo chicken embryonic assay. Results showed that creosote-soy BCFA had much lower mortality rates than creosote at the same dosages. Additionally, creosote-soy BCFA and methyl-branched iso-oleic acid induced minimal estrogenic activity in the concentration range of 10 nM - 1 µM. Carvacrol-soy BCFA treatments significantly increased (p < 0.05) oxidative stress levels with higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the livers of chicken embryos. Altogether, the phenolic-soy BCFAs, especially creosote-soy BCFA, reported in this study are potentially promising and safer bio-based antimicrobial products.
SponsorThe author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) award number 2021-67021-34502 and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
CitationZhang X, Ngo H, Wagner K, Fan X and Wu C (2024) Developmental toxicity and estrogenic activity of antimicrobial phenolic-branched fatty acids using in silico simulations and in vivo and in vitro bioassay. Front. Toxicol. 6:1380485. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1380485
ISSN2673-3080
URLhttps://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/34924
Languageen_US
PublisherFrontiers in Toxicology
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywordsphenolics
Keywordsfatty acids
Keywordsdevelopmental toxicity
Keywordschicken embryo
Keywordsestrogenic activity
TitleDevelopmental toxicity and estrogenic activity of antimicrobial phenolic-branched fatty acids using in silico simulations and in vivo and in vitro bioassay
TypeArticle
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