Exploring Microphase Separation in Semi-Fluorinated Diblock Copolymers: A Combined Experimental and Modeling Investigation

Abstract

We report the combined experimental and theoretical study of the bulk self-assembly behavior of polystyrene-block-poly(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene) diblock copolymers. These block copolymers were designed to create highly antagonistic blocks (with a high Flory–Huggins interaction parameter, χ) with minimum disruption to the molecular construct (i.e., only replacing five hydrogen atoms with five fluorine atoms). A large library of diblock copolymers (41 samples) was synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to map out a major portion of the phase space. All block copolymers exhibited narrow molecular weight distributions with dispersity (D) values between 1.07 and 1.32, and subsequent thermal annealing revealed phase separation into well-defined nanoscale morphologies depending on their molecular composition, as determined from small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy analyses, with an experimental phase diagram being constructed. The χ value at 25 °C for this block copolymer was estimated to be 0.2 using strong segregation theory, based on trends in phase-separated domain spacing and interfacial width. When applying theoretical approaches, the majority of the domain spacing data trends were captured by a coil–coil diblock copolymer model; however, a better fit to the data for samples with shorter fluorinated blocks was obtained with a rod–coil model, indicating that the chains in these fluorinated blocks likely have a higher inherent stiffness and were thus rod-like. This observation demonstrates that, due to the very high value of χ, a transition from coil–coil to rod–coil behavior can be obtained purely by reducing the length of the stiffer of the two blocks and without varying temperature or the chemical composition of the polymers. This work showcases the presence of strong microphase separation within AB diblock copolymers despite the relatively similar chemical composition of the constituent “A” and “B” units, with a clear transition from rod–coil to coil–coil segregation behavior.